Cross-Cultural Psychology Exam 1 Practice

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• Why might prestige bias lead to copying skilled individuals?
• What does cultural frame switching describe?
• What is a dark side of prestige bias?
• Which of the following is true about cumulative cultural evolution?
• What is the encephalization quotient?
• Which concept describes whether cognitive or behavioral traits are universal or culture-specific?
• What is the ratchet effect?
• Culturally responsive pedagogy aims to?
• Which statement best describes imitative learning?
• What is culture?
• What are cultural worlds?
• What does lack of semantic equivalence threaten in cross-cultural surveys?
• What best defines cultural neuroscience?
• What does the GLOBE project contribute to cross-cultural psychology?
• How much larger is the human brain compared to other mammals of similar size?
• Which statement captures how religion can influence cross-cultural psychology outcomes?
• What is a major concern in intelligence testing across cultures?
• What is the color-blind approach in psychology designed to do?
• What is the universalist perspective in psychology?
• Cross-cultural research on attachment shows what regarding secure attachment and caregiving?
• The concept of tightness-looseness is best captured by which pair of ideas?
• Which Hofstede dimension captures a society's orientation toward planning for the future and thrift?
• How do cultures change over time?
• What does the experimental method involve?
• What is acquiescence bias?
• What is the significance of interconnectedness in cultural learning?
• Why is studying cultural psychology important?
• Cultural values are defined as enduring beliefs about desirable ends and are commonly measured with instruments such as Schwartz's Portrait Values Questionnaire. Which statement is true?
• Which statement best describes the role of culture in educational achievement?
• Which statement best describes a common psychological approach to reducing prejudice in multicultural societies?
• Which research approach helps mitigate ecological fallacy in cross-cultural studies?
• If researchers want to compare attitudes toward a policy across cultures, they should ensure methodological equivalence by:
• Which of the following is NOT one of Berry's acculturation strategies?
• Imitative learning is:
• Emic-etic integration seeks to blend insider cultural concepts with cross-cultural frameworks to better capture culture-specific meanings.
• What describes a non-universal process?
• What statement best captures intra-cultural variability?
• What does unpacking cultural findings mean?
• What are display rules?
• What is the neocortex?
• What best characterizes the aim of cross-cultural psychology in studying variables?
• Which term describes the study of cultures through long-term observation and immersion?
• How do acculturation outcomes typically differ between first-generation and second-generation immigrants?
• What are some challenges of conducting survey research across cultures?
• What is described as ideal in cross-cultural research methods?
• What term describes cumulative culture characterized by progressive improvements over time?
• What is the World Values Survey and its relevance to cross-cultural psychology?
• Cumulative cultural evolution differs from genetic change because it:
• What does display rule theory state about emotion expression across cultures?
• Which statement best describes the practical implication of recognizing intra-cultural variability?
• Explain cultural universals and cultural specifics.
• Which universal exists in all cultures and is used to solve the same problems?
• Which option correctly characterizes emic vs etic research?
• What is the relationship between cross-cultural caregiving norms and attachment patterns?
• Historically, which economic activity was more prevalent in the South?
• Which statement best contrasts imitative learning with emulative learning?
• Which data collection method is noninvasive and records electrical activity from the scalp?
• Back-translation aims to ensure quality control by?
• What does replication in research entail?
• Which tools are used to assess psychological distress cross-culturally and what ensures comparability?
• What is a key issue when comparing cultures?
• Which action demonstrates selective imitation in children?
• What is response bias?
• How do cross-cultural parenting styles differ and what are the implications for child development?
• What does the degree of universality describe?
• Which of the following best describes the purpose of cross-cultural psychology in relation to cultural factors?
• What is a common approach in cross-cultural research?
• Empirical methods in cultural psychology are used to do what?
• What is semantic equivalence?
• What does the reference group effect describe?
• How does similarity bias influence imitation?
• Which option best exemplifies surface culture?
• What is the definition of power in cultural studies?
• Which statement best describes an etic approach in cross-cultural psychology?
• Define tightness-looseness in cultural psychology.
• What is extremity bias?
• Which data collection method tracks changes in blood oxygenation to infer neural activity?
• How do ethnocentrism and cultural relativism affect research in cross-cultural psychology?
• What is the purpose of EEG in research?
• Which bias is most likely to distort cross-cultural survey comparisons by producing many neutral or midpoint responses?
• Which item is NOT listed as a method to study why Southerners may be more violent than Northerners?
• Which statement describes the deprivation effect?
• Which statement best describes deep culture?
• Which statement best illustrates the social brain hypothesis?
• Name and describe two cross-cultural research approaches: cross-cultural comparison and emic-etic integration.
• What does Shweder argue about general psychology?
• What is measurement invariance and why is it important in cross-cultural research?
• How does problem-solving differ between humans and monkeys?
• What does the social brain hypothesis propose?
• What is a social consequence associated with loss of face in many East Asian contexts?
• What does generalizability refer to?
• What does the multi-cultural approach emphasize?
• Define semantic equivalence in translation.
• Which statement best captures ethical considerations in cross-cultural research?
• What is the relationship between cross-cultural caregiving norms and attachment patterns?
• How does culture influence moral reasoning and ethics across cultures?
• Which statement describes the ratchet effect in cultural evolution?
• What is the correct definition of culture-level variables in cross-cultural psychology?
• Why is sharing experiences important in cultural learning?
• Which statement distinguishes universalistic ethics from relativistic ethics in cross-cultural research?
• Which concept is primarily concerned with how cultural knowledge accumulates over generations?
• Which approach is described as part of achieving cultural understanding in cross-cultural research?
• Culture-centrism is best described as:
• Mentalizing in cultural learning helps learners:
• What is the purpose of back-translation in research?
• In a society with a high prestige bias toward celebrities who exhibit harmful actions, what risk is most plausible?
• Which practice helps reduce language bias in cross-cultural research?
• What is prestige bias in cultural learning?
• If a learning environment includes scaffolding that directs attention to essential steps, what outcome is most likely?
• Which Berry acculturation strategy involves maintaining heritage culture while actively engaging with the host culture?
• In cross-cultural research, methodological equivalence is most concerned with ensuring:
• In cross-cultural research, how can fMRI be used?
• The ethnic density hypothesis attributes better mental health for minorities to what mechanism?
• What is an accessibility universal?
• What does the concept of 'face' mainly refer to in East Asian cultures?
• Which of the following best captures the purpose of methodological equivalence in cross-cultural studies?
• Which choice best promotes respecting cultural diversity by acknowledging distinct identities?
• Which factor is proposed to explain higher rates of violence in Southern cultures as described?
• Which learning type is primarily about how a model's behavior changes the environment rather than the model's goals?
• What describes instructed learning?
• Measurement invariance checks are used to ensure that a psychological instrument operates similarly across cultures, allowing valid group comparisons. Which option best captures this idea?
• What are ethnographies?
• Globalization and migration influence cross-cultural psychology research by which of the following?
• What does the ethnic density hypothesis imply regarding mental health?
• Cross-cultural validation includes which steps?
• What is conformist transmission?
• Provide a culture-bound syndrome example and its diagnostic implications?
• Which factor is a key challenge when translating survey instruments for cross-cultural research?
• What is cultural priming?
• What does the Muller-Lyer Illusion depict?
• Which approach analyzes everyday situational responses to understand cultural influence on behavior?
• What percentage of our total metabolic energy is used by the human brain?
• What is ethnocentrism?
• Compared to the color-blind approach, the multi-cultural approach recognizes what?
• What is selective imitation?
• Which universal category describes a process that exists in all cultures and is equally accessible across cultures?
• Which concept ensures that a measurement instrument is understood similarly across cultures?
• Which statement is true about selective imitation?
• How does language influence thought in intercultural contexts, and what is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
• What is methodological equivalence?
• Which term describes cultures evolving through sharing and building knowledge across generations?
• Which type of transmission describes learning from others who engage in the most common behaviors in a population?
• Which strategy helps control for response bias?
• Which statement about the ethnic density hypothesis is true?
• In cross-cultural psychology, acculturation gap distress is most associated with which phenomenon?
• What is the role of scaffolding in learning?
• Which statement best describes cross-cultural psychology in relation to universal psychology?
• What is socially desirable responding?
• Which statement describes the relationship between imitative learning and theory of mind?
• What are culturally bound syndromes? Provide an example.
• What is gene-culture coevolution?
• Why is factorial invariance testing important in cross-cultural surveys?
• Which statement about measurement bias and social desirability bias in cross-cultural surveys is true?
• What is the relationship between neuroplasticity and cross-cultural learning?
• What role does language play in cultural learning?
• What is a non-universal psychological process?
• Which statement about surface culture and deep culture is true?
• What does WEIRD stand for in cultural psychology?
• In cross-cultural psychology, methodological equivalence helps ensure that comparisons across cultures are:
• What cognitive capabilities support human cultural learning?
• Intersectionality describes:
• What are common emic and etic measurement challenges when using cross-cultural tests such as IQ or personality scales?
• Which statement best captures the role of language in transmitting culture?
• What is the role of empirical methods in cultural psychology?
• The ethnic density hypothesis attributes mental health benefits to what mechanism?
• Between-groups manipulation vs within-groups manipulation, which statement is true?
• Emulative learning's creative aspect involves:
• What is a likely consequence of not achieving methodological equivalence in cross-cultural research?
• What is ethnic identity and why is it important in cross-cultural psychology?
• Which concept would be most useful to explain how a technology is improved across generations within a culture?
• What is a major criticism of Hofstede's cultural dimensions?
• Define cultural competence in psychology practice.
• How does culture shape values and perceptions of behavior?
• Which concept describes overlapping social categories that create interdependent systems of discrimination?
• Which set lists Hofstede's six cultural dimensions accurately?
• Which statement best defines cultural learning?
• Which ethical practice is important when conducting cross-cultural research in a global context?
• Can culture be manipulated as an independent variable?
• Which method helps ensure cross-cultural measurement equivalence in survey research?
• Which term can be used to describe the cognitive ability to infer others' beliefs, desires, and intentions?
• What is ecological fallacy and how can it be avoided in cross-cultural research?
• What risk arises if researchers misinterpret cultural norms during cross-cultural studies?
• The culture of honor in the Southern U.S. is historically linked to which factors?
• What practice helps reduce measurement bias in cross-cultural surveys?
• In cross-cultural research, methodological equivalence concerns ensuring that participants from different cultures understand the research questions or situations in equivalent ways.
• What is cultural learning?
• Which statement best defines cumulative cultural evolution?
• What is back-translation?
• What is the role of religion and spirituality in cross-cultural psychology?
• Which statement best summarizes Ekman's basic emotions theory and its cross-cultural challenges?
• Which of the following is an example of socially desirable responding?
• Which statement best describes cultural priming in research?
• Which statement describes the contemporary view on Sapir-Whorf linguistic relativity?
• What evolutionary change occurred alongside the increase in brain size in humans?
• What best defines cultural pluralism?
• Unpacking cultural findings is most about what?
• What is a functional universal?
• What is moderacy bias in survey responses?
• Language is important because:
• What is the situation sampling approach?
• What is the nature of cultural boundaries?
• Which universal exists in all cultures but may not be used to solve the same problems?
• Which of the following best illustrates a failure of methodological equivalence?
• In Berry's acculturation model, which strategy is characterized by rejecting both heritage and host cultures?
• Cumulative cultural evolution is best described as cultures evolve by continuously building on the accumulated skills and knowledge of prior generations.
• What is acculturation gap distress and who is affected most?
• What is the deprivation effect?
• Which pair correctly matches the concept to its focus?
• Which statement best differentiates surface culture from deep culture?
• Which brain region is described as the most evolved, integrating complex information, enabling learning and memory, and supporting high-level decisions?
• Which concept describes the interaction between genes and culture in shaping behavior over time?
• What is a common issue when comparing cultures using psychological surveys?
• How does culture influence individuals?
• What does fMRI measure?
• Theory of mind refers to:
• What is the significance of Occam's razor in theory development?
• During human evolution, which paired change occurred with brain enlargement?
• What defines an existential universal?
• Which species besides humans exhibit cultural learning?
• Which approach is most appropriate for avoiding misinterpretation when comparing cultures using both individual-level and culture-level data?
• What cultural factors contribute to the culture of honor in the Southern U.S.?
• How does population size affect cultural evolution?
• Which Hofstede dimension refers to the extent to which a society allows relatively free gratification of desires related to enjoying life?